emqx4.3/scripts/update_appup.escript

#!/usr/bin/env -S escript -c
%% -*- erlang-indent-level:4 -*-

usage() ->
"A script that fills in boilerplate for appup files.

Algorithm: this script compares md5s of beam files of each
application, and creates a `{load_module, Module, brutal_purge,
soft_purge, []}` action for the changed and new modules. For deleted
modules it creates `{delete_module, M}` action. These entries are
added to each patch release preceding the current release. If an entry
for a module already exists, this module is ignored. The existing
actions are kept.

Please note that it only compares the current release with its
predecessor, assuming that the upgrade actions for the older releases
are correct.

Note: The defaults are set up for emqx, but they can be tuned to
support other repos too.

Usage:

   update_appup.escript [--check] [--repo URL] [--remote NAME] [--skip-build] [--make-commad SCRIPT] [--release-dir DIR] <previous_release_tag>

Options:

  --check           Don't update the appfile, just check that they are complete
  --repo            Upstream git repo URL
  --remote          Get upstream repo URL from the specified git remote
  --skip-build      Don't rebuild the releases. May produce wrong results
  --make-command    A command used to assemble the release
  --release-dir     Release directory
  --src-dirs        Directories where source code is found. Defaults to '{src,apps,lib-*}/**/'
  --binary-rel-url  Binary release URL pattern. %VSN% variable is substituted with the version in release tag.
                    E.g. \"https://github.com/emqx/emqx/releases/download/v%VSN%/emqx-%VSN%-otp-24.2.1-1-el7-amd64.tar.gz\"
".

-record(app,
        { modules       :: #{module() => binary()}
        , version       :: string()
        }).

default_options() ->
    #{ clone_url      => find_upstream_repo("origin")
     , make_command   => "make emqx-rel"
     , beams_dir      => "_build/emqx/rel/emqx/lib/"
     , check          => false
     , prev_tag       => undefined
     , src_dirs       => "{src,apps,lib-*}/**/"
     , binary_rel_url => undefined
     }.

%% App-specific actions that should be added unconditionally to any update/downgrade:
app_specific_actions(_) ->
    [].

ignored_apps() ->
    [emqx_dashboard, emqx_management] ++ otp_standard_apps().

main(Args) ->
    #{prev_tag := Baseline} = Options = parse_args(Args, default_options()),
    init_globals(Options),
    main(Options, Baseline).

parse_args([PrevTag = [A|_]], State) when A =/= $- ->
    State#{prev_tag => PrevTag};
parse_args(["--check"|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{check => true});
parse_args(["--skip-build"|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{make_command => "true"});
parse_args(["--repo", Repo|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{clone_url => Repo});
parse_args(["--remote", Remote|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{clone_url => find_upstream_repo(Remote)});
parse_args(["--make-command", Command|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{make_command => Command});
parse_args(["--release-dir", Dir|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{beams_dir => Dir});
parse_args(["--src-dirs", Pattern|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{src_dirs => Pattern});
parse_args(["--binary-rel-url", URL|Rest], State) ->
    parse_args(Rest, State#{binary_rel_url => {ok, URL}});
parse_args(_, _) ->
    fail(usage()).

main(Options, Baseline) ->
    {CurrRelDir, PrevRelDir} = prepare(Baseline, Options),
    log("~n===================================~n"
        "Processing changes..."
        "~n===================================~n"),
    CurrAppsIdx = index_apps(CurrRelDir),
    PrevAppsIdx = index_apps(PrevRelDir),
    %% log("Curr: ~p~nPrev: ~p~n", [CurrAppsIdx, PrevAppsIdx]),
    AppupChanges = find_appup_actions(CurrAppsIdx, PrevAppsIdx),
    case getopt(check) of
        true ->
            case AppupChanges of
                [] ->
                    ok;
                _ ->
                    Diffs =
                        lists:filtermap(
                          fun({App, {Upgrade, Downgrade, OldUpgrade, OldDowngrade}}) ->
                                  case parse_appup_diffs(Upgrade, OldUpgrade,
                                                         Downgrade, OldDowngrade) of
                                      ok ->
                                          false;
                                      {diffs, Diffs} ->
                                          {true, {App, Diffs}}
                                  end
                          end,
                          AppupChanges),
                    case Diffs =:= [] of
                        true ->
                            ok;
                        false ->
                            set_invalid(),
                            log("ERROR: The appup files are incomplete. Missing changes:~n   ~p",
                                [Diffs])
                    end
            end;
        false ->
            update_appups(AppupChanges)
    end,
    check_appup_files(),
    warn_and_exit(is_valid()).

warn_and_exit(true) ->
    log("
NOTE: Please review the changes manually. This script does not know about NIF
changes, supervisor changes, process restarts and so on. Also the load order of
the beam files might need updating.~n"),
    halt(0);
warn_and_exit(false) ->
    log("~nERROR: Incomplete appups found. Please inspect the output for more details.~n"),
    halt(1).

prepare(Baseline, Options = #{make_command := MakeCommand, beams_dir := BeamDir, binary_rel_url := BinRel}) ->
    log("~n===================================~n"
        "Baseline: ~s"
        "~n===================================~n", [Baseline]),
    log("Building the current version...~n"),
    bash(MakeCommand),
    log("Downloading and building the previous release...~n"),
    PrevRelDir =
        case BinRel of
            undefined ->
                {ok, PrevRootDir} = build_prev_release(Baseline, Options),
                filename:join(PrevRootDir, BeamDir);
            {ok, _URL} ->
                {ok, PrevRootDir} = download_prev_release(Baseline, Options),
                PrevRootDir
        end,
    {BeamDir, PrevRelDir}.

build_prev_release(Baseline, #{clone_url := Repo, make_command := MakeCommand}) ->
    BaseDir = "/tmp/emqx-baseline/",
    Dir = filename:basename(Repo, ".git") ++ [$-|Baseline],
    %% TODO: shallow clone
    Script = "mkdir -p ${BASEDIR} &&
              cd ${BASEDIR} &&
              { [ -d ${DIR} ] || git clone --branch ${TAG} ${REPO} ${DIR}; } &&
              cd ${DIR} &&" ++ MakeCommand,
    Env = [{"REPO", Repo}, {"TAG", Baseline}, {"BASEDIR", BaseDir}, {"DIR", Dir}],
    bash(Script, Env),
    {ok, filename:join(BaseDir, Dir)}.

download_prev_release(Tag, #{binary_rel_url := {ok, URL0}, clone_url := Repo}) ->
    URL = string:replace(URL0, "%TAG%", Tag, all),
    BaseDir = "/tmp/emqx-baseline-bin/",
    Dir = filename:basename(Repo, ".git") ++ [$-|Tag],
    Filename = filename:join(BaseDir, Dir),
    Script = "mkdir -p ${OUTFILE} &&
              wget -c -O ${OUTFILE}.tar.gz ${URL} &&
              tar -zxf ${OUTFILE} ${OUTFILE}.tar.gz",
    Env = [{"TAG", Tag}, {"OUTFILE", Filename}, {"URL", URL}],
    bash(Script, Env),
    {ok, Filename}.

find_upstream_repo(Remote) ->
    string:trim(os:cmd("git remote get-url " ++ Remote)).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Appup action creation and updating
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

find_appup_actions(CurrApps, PrevApps) ->
    maps:fold(
      fun(App, CurrAppIdx, Acc) ->
              case PrevApps of
                  #{App := PrevAppIdx} ->
                      find_appup_actions(App, CurrAppIdx, PrevAppIdx) ++ Acc;
                  _ ->
                      %% New app, nothing to upgrade here.
                      Acc
              end
      end,
      [],
      CurrApps).

find_appup_actions(_App, AppIdx, AppIdx) ->
    %% No changes to the app, ignore:
    [];
find_appup_actions(App,
                   CurrAppIdx = #app{version = CurrVersion},
                   PrevAppIdx = #app{version = PrevVersion}) ->
    {OldUpgrade0, OldDowngrade0} = find_old_appup_actions(App, PrevVersion),
    OldUpgrade = ensure_all_patch_versions(App, CurrVersion, OldUpgrade0),
    OldDowngrade = ensure_all_patch_versions(App, CurrVersion, OldDowngrade0),
    Upgrade = merge_update_actions(App, diff_app(App, CurrAppIdx, PrevAppIdx), OldUpgrade),
    Downgrade = merge_update_actions(App, diff_app(App, PrevAppIdx, CurrAppIdx), OldDowngrade),
    if OldUpgrade =:= Upgrade andalso OldDowngrade =:= Downgrade ->
            %% The appup file has been already updated:
            [];
       true ->
            [{App, {Upgrade, Downgrade, OldUpgrade, OldDowngrade}}]
    end.

%% To avoid missing one patch version when upgrading, we try to
%% optimistically generate the list of expected versions that should
%% be covered by the upgrade.
ensure_all_patch_versions(App, CurrVsn, OldActions) ->
    case is_app_external(App) of
        true ->
            %% we do not attempt to predict the version list for
            %% external dependencies, as those may not follow our
            %% conventions.
            OldActions;
        false ->
            do_ensure_all_patch_versions(App, CurrVsn, OldActions)
    end.

do_ensure_all_patch_versions(App, CurrVsn, OldActions) ->
    case enumerate_past_versions(CurrVsn) of
        {ok, ExpectedVsns} ->
            CoveredVsns = [V || {V, _} <- OldActions, V =/= <<".*">>],
            ExpectedVsnStrs = [vsn_number_to_string(V) || V <- ExpectedVsns],
            MissingActions = [{V, []} || V <- ExpectedVsnStrs, not contains_version(V, CoveredVsns)],
            MissingActions ++ OldActions;
        {error, bad_version} ->
            log("WARN: Could not infer expected versions to upgrade from for ~p~n", [App]),
            OldActions
    end.

%% For external dependencies, show only the changes that are missing
%% in their current appup.
diff_appup_instructions(ComputedChanges, PresentChanges) ->
    lists:foldr(
      fun({VsnOrRegex, ComputedActions}, Acc) ->
              case find_matching_version(VsnOrRegex, PresentChanges) of
                  undefined ->
                      [{VsnOrRegex, ComputedActions} | Acc];
                  PresentActions ->
                      DiffActions = ComputedActions -- PresentActions,
                      case DiffActions of
                          [] ->
                              %% no diff
                              Acc;
                          _ ->
                              [{VsnOrRegex, DiffActions} | Acc]
                      end
              end
      end,
      [],
      ComputedChanges).

%% For external dependencies, checks if any missing diffs are present
%% and groups them by `up' and `down' types.
parse_appup_diffs(Upgrade, OldUpgrade, Downgrade, OldDowngrade) ->
    DiffUp = diff_appup_instructions(Upgrade, OldUpgrade),
    DiffDown = diff_appup_instructions(Downgrade, OldDowngrade),
    case {DiffUp, DiffDown} of
        {[], []} ->
            %% no diff for external dependency; ignore
            ok;
        _ ->
            set_invalid(),
            Diffs = #{ up => DiffUp
                     , down => DiffDown
                     },
            {diffs, Diffs}
    end.

find_matching_version(VsnOrRegex, PresentChanges) ->
    proplists:get_value(VsnOrRegex, PresentChanges).

find_old_appup_actions(App, PrevVersion) ->
    {Upgrade0, Downgrade0} =
        case locate(ebin_current, App, ".appup") of
            {ok, AppupFile} ->
                log("Found the previous appup file: ~s~n", [AppupFile]),
                {_, U, D} = read_appup(AppupFile),
                {U, D};
            undefined ->
                %% Fallback to the app.src file, in case the
                %% application doesn't have a release (useful for the
                %% apps that live outside the EMQX monorepo):
                case locate(src, App, ".appup.src") of
                    {ok, AppupSrcFile} ->
                        log("Using ~s as a source of previous update actions~n", [AppupSrcFile]),
                        {_, U, D} = read_appup(AppupSrcFile),
                        {U, D};
                    undefined ->
                        {[], []}
                end
        end,
    {ensure_version(PrevVersion, Upgrade0), ensure_version(PrevVersion, Downgrade0)}.

merge_update_actions(App, Changes, Vsns) ->
    lists:map(fun(Ret = {<<".*">>, _}) ->
                      Ret;
                 ({Vsn, Actions}) ->
                      {Vsn, do_merge_update_actions(App, Changes, Actions)}
              end,
              Vsns).

do_merge_update_actions(App, {New0, Changed0, Deleted0}, OldActions) ->
    AppSpecific = app_specific_actions(App) -- OldActions,
    AlreadyHandled = lists:flatten(lists:map(fun process_old_action/1, OldActions)),
    New = New0 -- AlreadyHandled,
    Changed = Changed0 -- AlreadyHandled,
    Deleted = Deleted0 -- AlreadyHandled,
    Reloads = [{load_module, M, brutal_purge, soft_purge, []}
               || not contains_restart_application(App, OldActions),
                  M <- Changed ++ New],
    {OldActionsWithStop, OldActionsAfterStop} =
        find_application_stop_instruction(App, OldActions),
    OldActionsWithStop ++
        Reloads ++
        OldActionsAfterStop ++
        [{delete_module, M} || M <- Deleted] ++
        AppSpecific.

%% If an entry restarts an application, there's no need to use
%% `load_module' instructions.
contains_restart_application(Application, Actions) ->
    lists:member({restart_application, Application}, Actions).

%% If there is an `application:stop(Application)' call in the
%% instructions, we insert `load_module' instructions after it.
find_application_stop_instruction(Application, Actions) ->
    {Before, After0} =
        lists:splitwith(
          fun({apply, {application, stop, [App]}}) when App =:= Application ->
                  false;
             (_) ->
                  true
          end, Actions),
    case After0 of
        [StopInst | After] ->
            {Before ++ [StopInst], After};
        [] ->
            {[], Before}
    end.

%% @doc Process the existing actions to exclude modules that are
%% already handled
process_old_action({purge, Modules}) ->
    Modules;
process_old_action({delete_module, Module}) ->
    [Module];
process_old_action(LoadModule) when is_tuple(LoadModule) andalso
                                    element(1, LoadModule) =:= load_module ->
    element(2, LoadModule);
process_old_action(_) ->
    [].

ensure_version(Version, OldInstructions) ->
    OldVersions = [element(1, I) || I <- OldInstructions],
    case contains_version(Version, OldVersions) of
        false ->
            [{Version, []} | OldInstructions];
        true ->
            OldInstructions
    end.

contains_version(Needle, Haystack) when is_list(Needle) ->
    lists:any(
      fun(Regex) when is_binary(Regex) ->
              case re:run(Needle, Regex) of
                  {match, _} ->
                      true;
                  nomatch ->
                      false
              end;
         (Vsn) ->
              Vsn =:= Needle
      end,
      Haystack).

%% As a best effort approach, we assume that we only bump patch
%% version numbers between release upgrades for our dependencies and
%% that we deal only with 3-part version schemas
%% (`Major.Minor.Patch').  Using those assumptions, we enumerate the
%% past versions that should be covered by regexes in .appup file
%% instructions.
enumerate_past_versions(Vsn) when is_list(Vsn) ->
    case parse_version_number(Vsn) of
        {ok, ParsedVsn} ->
            {ok, enumerate_past_versions(ParsedVsn)};
        Error ->
            Error
    end;
enumerate_past_versions({Major, Minor, Patch}) ->
    [{Major, Minor, P} || P <- lists:seq(Patch - 1, 0, -1)].

parse_version_number(Vsn) when is_list(Vsn) ->
    Nums = string:split(Vsn, ".", all),
    Results = lists:map(fun string:to_integer/1, Nums),
    case Results of
        [{Major, []}, {Minor, []}, {Patch, []}] ->
            {ok, {Major, Minor, Patch}};
        _ ->
            {error, bad_version}
    end.

vsn_number_to_string({Major, Minor, Patch}) ->
    io_lib:format("~b.~b.~b", [Major, Minor, Patch]).

read_appup(File) ->
    %% NOTE: appup file is a script, it may contain variables or functions.
    case file:script(File, [{'VSN', "VSN"}]) of
        {ok, Terms} ->
            Terms;
        Error ->
            fail("Failed to parse appup file ~s: ~p", [File, Error])
    end.

check_appup_files() ->
    AppupFiles = filelib:wildcard(getopt(src_dirs) ++ "/*.appup.src"),
    lists:foreach(fun read_appup/1, AppupFiles).

update_appups(Changes) ->
    lists:foreach(
      fun({App, {Upgrade, Downgrade, OldUpgrade, OldDowngrade}}) ->
              do_update_appup(App, Upgrade, Downgrade, OldUpgrade, OldDowngrade)
      end,
      Changes).

do_update_appup(App, Upgrade, Downgrade, OldUpgrade, OldDowngrade) ->
    case locate(src, App, ".appup.src") of
        {ok, AppupFile} ->
            case contains_contents(AppupFile, Upgrade, Downgrade) of
                true ->
                    ok;
                false ->
                    render_appfile(AppupFile, Upgrade, Downgrade)
            end;
        undefined ->
            case create_stub(App) of
                {ok, AppupFile} ->
                    render_appfile(AppupFile, Upgrade, Downgrade);
                false ->
                    case parse_appup_diffs(Upgrade, OldUpgrade,
                                           Downgrade, OldDowngrade) of
                        ok ->
                            %% no diff for external dependency; ignore
                            ok;
                        {diffs, Diffs} ->
                            set_invalid(),
                            log("ERROR: Appup file for the external dependency '~p' is not complete.~n       Missing changes: ~100p~n", [App, Diffs]),
                            log("NOTE: Some changes above might be already covered by regexes.~n")
                    end
            end
    end.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Appup file creation
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

render_appfile(File, Upgrade, Downgrade) ->
    IOList = io_lib:format("%% -*- mode: erlang -*-\n{VSN,~n  ~p,~n  ~p}.~n", [Upgrade, Downgrade]),
    ok = file:write_file(File, IOList).

create_stub(App) ->
    Ext = ".app.src",
    case locate(src, App, Ext) of
        {ok, AppSrc} ->
            DirName = filename:dirname(AppSrc),
            AppupFile = filename:basename(AppSrc, Ext) ++ ".appup.src",
            Default = {<<".*">>, []},
            AppupFileFullpath = filename:join(DirName, AppupFile),
            render_appfile(AppupFileFullpath, [Default], [Default]),
            {ok, AppupFileFullpath};
        undefined ->
            false
    end.

%% we check whether the destination file already has the contents we
%% want to write to avoid writing and losing indentation and comments.
contains_contents(File, Upgrade, Downgrade) ->
    %% the file may contain the VSN variable, so it's a script
    case file:script(File, [{'VSN', 'VSN'}]) of
        {ok, {_, Upgrade, Downgrade}} ->
            true;
        _ ->
            false
    end.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% application and release indexing
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

index_apps(ReleaseDir) ->
    Apps0 = maps:from_list([index_app(filename:join(ReleaseDir, AppFile)) ||
                               AppFile <- filelib:wildcard("**/ebin/*.app", ReleaseDir)]),
    maps:without(ignored_apps(), Apps0).

index_app(AppFile) ->
    {ok, [{application, App, Properties}]} = file:consult(AppFile),
    Vsn = proplists:get_value(vsn, Properties),
    %% Note: assuming that beams are always located in the same directory where app file is:
    EbinDir = filename:dirname(AppFile),
    Modules = hashsums(EbinDir),
    {App, #app{ version       = Vsn
              , modules       = Modules
              }}.

diff_app(App,
         #app{version = NewVersion, modules = NewModules},
         #app{version = OldVersion, modules = OldModules}) ->
    {New, Changed} =
        maps:fold( fun(Mod, MD5, {New, Changed}) ->
                           case OldModules of
                               #{Mod := OldMD5} when MD5 =:= OldMD5 ->
                                   {New, Changed};
                               #{Mod := _} ->
                                   {New, [Mod | Changed]};
                               _ ->
                                   {[Mod | New], Changed}
                           end
                   end
                 , {[], []}
                 , NewModules
                 ),
    Deleted = maps:keys(maps:without(maps:keys(NewModules), OldModules)),
    NChanges = length(New) + length(Changed) + length(Deleted),
    if NewVersion =:= OldVersion andalso NChanges > 0 ->
            set_invalid(),
            log("ERROR: Application '~p' contains changes, but its version is not updated~n", [App]);
       NewVersion > OldVersion ->
            log("INFO: Application '~p' has been updated: ~p -> ~p~n", [App, OldVersion, NewVersion]),
            ok;
       true ->
            ok
    end,
    {New, Changed, Deleted}.

-spec hashsums(file:filename()) -> #{module() => binary()}.
hashsums(EbinDir) ->
    maps:from_list(lists:map(
                     fun(Beam) ->
                             File = filename:join(EbinDir, Beam),
                             {ok, Ret = {_Module, _MD5}} = beam_lib:md5(File),
                             Ret
                     end,
                     filelib:wildcard("*.beam", EbinDir)
                    )).

is_app_external(App) ->
    Ext = ".app.src",
    case locate(src, App, Ext) of
        {ok, _} ->
            false;
        undefined ->
            true
    end.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Global state
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

init_globals(Options) ->
    ets:new(globals, [named_table, set, public]),
    ets:insert(globals, {valid, true}),
    ets:insert(globals, {options, Options}).

getopt(Option) ->
    maps:get(Option, ets:lookup_element(globals, options, 2)).

%% Set a global flag that something about the appfiles is invalid
set_invalid() ->
    ets:insert(globals, {valid, false}).

is_valid() ->
    ets:lookup_element(globals, valid, 2).

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Utility functions
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Locate a file in a specified application
locate(ebin_current, App, Suffix) ->
    ReleaseDir = getopt(beams_dir),
    AppStr = atom_to_list(App),
    case filelib:wildcard(ReleaseDir ++ "/**/ebin/" ++ AppStr ++ Suffix) of
        [File] ->
            {ok, File};
        [] ->
            undefined
    end;
locate(src, App, Suffix) ->
    AppStr = atom_to_list(App),
    SrcDirs = getopt(src_dirs),
    case filelib:wildcard(SrcDirs ++ AppStr ++ Suffix) of
        [File] ->
            {ok, File};
        [] ->
            undefined
    end.

bash(Script) ->
    bash(Script, []).

bash(Script, Env) ->
    log("+ ~s~n+ Env: ~p~n", [Script, Env]),
    case cmd("bash", #{args => ["-c", Script], env => Env}) of
        0 -> true;
        _ -> fail("Failed to run command: ~s", [Script])
    end.

%% Spawn an executable and return the exit status
cmd(Exec, Params) ->
    case os:find_executable(Exec) of
        false ->
            fail("Executable not found in $PATH: ~s", [Exec]);
        Path ->
            Params1 = maps:to_list(maps:with([env, args, cd], Params)),
            Port = erlang:open_port( {spawn_executable, Path}
                                   , [ exit_status
                                     , nouse_stdio
                                     | Params1
                                     ]
                                   ),
            receive
                {Port, {exit_status, Status}} ->
                    Status
            end
    end.

fail(Str) ->
    fail(Str, []).

fail(Str, Args) ->
    log(Str ++ "~n", Args),
    halt(1).

log(Msg) ->
    log(Msg, []).

log(Msg, Args) ->
    io:format(standard_error, Msg, Args).

otp_standard_apps() ->
    [ssl, mnesia, kernel, asn1, stdlib].