fix: make MQTT connector error log messages easier to understand

Fixes:
https://emqx.atlassian.net/browse/EMQX-12555
https://emqx.atlassian.net/browse/EMQX-12657

apps/emqx_bridge_mqtt/src/emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector.erl

@@ -514,15 +514,48 @@ connect(Pid, Name) ->
             {ok, Pid};
         {error, Reason} = Error ->
             IsDryRun = emqx_resource:is_dry_run(Name),
-            ?SLOG(?LOG_LEVEL(IsDryRun), #{
-                msg => "ingress_client_connect_failed",
-                reason => Reason,
-                resource_id => Name
-            }),
+            log_connect_error_reason(?LOG_LEVEL(IsDryRun), Reason, Name),
             _ = catch emqtt:stop(Pid),
             Error
     end.
 
+log_connect_error_reason(Level, {tcp_closed, _} = Reason, Name) ->
+    ?tp(emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector_tcp_closed, #{}),
+    ?SLOG(Level, #{
+        msg => "ingress_client_connect_failed",
+        reason => Reason,
+        name => Name,
+        explain =>
+            <<
+                "Your MQTT connection attempt was unsuccessful. "
+                "It might be at its maximum capacity for handling new connections. "
+                "To diagnose the issue further, you can check the server logs for "
+                "any specific messages related to the unavailability or connection limits."
+            >>
+    });
+log_connect_error_reason(Level, econnrefused = Reason, Name) ->
+    ?tp(emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector_econnrefused_error, #{}),
+    ?SLOG(Level, #{
+        msg => "ingress_client_connect_failed",
+        reason => Reason,
+        name => Name,
+        explain =>
+            <<
+                "This error indicates that your connection attempt to the MQTT server was rejected. "
+                "In simpler terms, the server you tried to connect to refused your request. "
+                "There can be multiple reasons for this. "
+                "For example, the MQTT server you're trying to connect to might be down or not "
+                "running at all or you might have provided the wrong address "
+                "or port number for the server."
+            >>
+    });
+log_connect_error_reason(Level, Reason, Name) ->
+    ?SLOG(Level, #{
+        msg => "ingress_client_connect_failed",
+        reason => Reason,
+        name => Name
+    }).
+
 handle_disconnect(_Reason) ->
     ok.
 

apps/emqx_bridge_mqtt/test/emqx_bridge_mqtt_SUITE.erl

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 -include_lib("common_test/include/ct.hrl").
 -include_lib("snabbkaffe/include/snabbkaffe.hrl").
 
+-import(emqx_common_test_helpers, [on_exit/1]).
+
 %% output functions
 -export([inspect/3]).
 
@@ -399,6 +401,56 @@ t_mqtt_conn_bridge_ingress_shared_subscription(_) ->
     {ok, 204, <<>>} = request(delete, uri(["bridges", BridgeID]), []),
     ok.
 
+t_connect_with_more_clients_than_the_broker_accepts(_) ->
+    PoolSize = 100,
+    OrgConf = emqx_mgmt_listeners_conf:get_raw(tcp, default),
+    on_exit(fun() ->
+        emqx_mgmt_listeners_conf:update(tcp, default, OrgConf)
+    end),
+    NewConf = OrgConf#{<<"max_connections">> => 3},
+    {ok, _} = emqx_mgmt_listeners_conf:update(tcp, default, NewConf),
+    BridgeName = atom_to_binary(?FUNCTION_NAME),
+    BridgeID = create_bridge(
+        ?SERVER_CONF#{
+            <<"name">> => BridgeName,
+            <<"ingress">> => #{
+                <<"pool_size">> => PoolSize,
+                <<"remote">> => #{
+                    <<"topic">> => <<"$share/ingress/", ?INGRESS_REMOTE_TOPIC, "/#">>,
+                    <<"qos">> => 1
+                },
+                <<"local">> => #{
+                    <<"topic">> => <<?INGRESS_LOCAL_TOPIC, "/${topic}">>,
+                    <<"qos">> => <<"${qos}">>,
+                    <<"payload">> => <<"${clientid}">>,
+                    <<"retain">> => <<"${retain}">>
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    ),
+    snabbkaffe:block_until(
+        fun
+            (#{msg := emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector_tcp_closed}) ->
+                true;
+            (_) ->
+                false
+        end,
+        5000
+    ),
+    Trace = snabbkaffe:collect_trace(),
+    ?assert(
+        lists:any(
+            fun(K) ->
+                maps:get(msg, K, not_found) =:=
+                    emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector_tcp_closed
+            end,
+            Trace
+        )
+    ),
+
+    {ok, 204, <<>>} = request(delete, uri(["bridges", BridgeID]), []),
+    ok.
+
 t_mqtt_egress_bridge_warns_clean_start(_) ->
     BridgeName = atom_to_binary(?FUNCTION_NAME),
     Action = fun() ->
@@ -1050,6 +1102,16 @@ t_mqtt_conn_bridge_egress_async_reconnect(_) ->
         Payload <- [integer_to_binary(I)]
     ],
 
+    Trace = snabbkaffe:collect_trace(50),
+    ?assert(
+        lists:any(
+            fun(K) ->
+                maps:get(msg, K, not_found) =:=
+                    emqx_bridge_mqtt_connector_econnrefused_error
+            end,
+            Trace
+        )
+    ),
     ok.
 
 start_publisher(Topic, Interval, CtrlPid) ->